{"id":1947,"date":"2015-09-12T06:29:28","date_gmt":"2015-09-11T22:29:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/blog\/singapore\/?p=1947"},"modified":"2022-07-01T03:33:29","modified_gmt":"2022-06-30T19:33:29","slug":"singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/","title":{"rendered":"Singapore property prices could drop by 30%"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>

<\/h3>\n

As Singaporean population ages, home prices here may see a 30 per cent drop by 2040, a study predicts. But analysts reckon investment and immigration flows will support prices, mitigating the effect of ageing.<\/em><\/h3>\n

Property prices in Singapore could see a 30 per cent fall by 2040, as the population ages and old-age dependency ratio rises, a recent study by the National University of Singapore\u2019s Institute of Real Estate Studies found.<\/p>\n

It covered 12 Asian, five South and Central American and 18 European economies. In countries like Singapore, Hong Kong and Korea, researchers expect the old-age dependency ratio \u2013 defined as the proportion of the elderly to the working-age population \u2013 to rise from between 10 to 20 per cent, to between 40 and 60 per cent in the next 30 years.<\/p>\n

\"And<\/em><\/h3>\n

This would send home prices down by 50 to 60 per cent, it predicted. But because of an expected population surge in Singapore, property prices will only drop by 30 per cent here.<\/p>\n

Analysts told The Business Times that the study under-accounts for immigration<\/a> and off shore demand, and Singapore\u2019s position as an investment hotspot.<\/p>\n

If you enjoyed this article, you might be interested in\u00a0Singapore\u2019s latest population demographics: what it means for housing<\/a> and\u00a0The raised Buyer\u2019s Stamp Duty won\u2019t stop the property market\u2019s momentum<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Find the home of your dreams today at Singapore\u2019s largest property portal, 99.co<\/a>!<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

As Singaporean population ages, home prices here may see a 30 per cent drop by 2040, a study predicts. But analysts reckon investment and immigration flows will support prices, mitigating the effect of ageing. Property prices in Singapore could see a 30 per cent fall by 2040, as the population ages and old-age dependency ratio…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":53955,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[53593,53589,57131],"tags":[53621,53595,53736,53626,53737,53735],"persona":[],"class_list":{"2":"type-post","16":"entry","17":"has-post-thumbnail"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSingapore property prices could drop by 30%<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"As Singaporean population ages, property prices here may see a 30 per cent drop by 2040, a study predicts.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Singapore property prices could drop by 30%\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"As Singaporean population ages, property prices here may see a 30 per cent drop by 2040, a study predicts.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/99dotco\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2015-09-11T22:29:28+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-06-30T19:33:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/20150912-Singapore-property-prices-could-fall-30-percent-due-to-aging-population-IMG1.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"950\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"633\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"99.co\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@99dotco\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@99dotco\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"99.co\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"99.co\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/#\/schema\/person\/0058658f1a1cdadf5f7d957b386c348b\"},\"headline\":\"Singapore property prices could drop by 30%\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-09-11T22:29:28+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-06-30T19:33:29+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/\"},\"wordCount\":228,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/20150912-Singapore-property-prices-could-fall-30-percent-due-to-aging-population-IMG1.jpeg\",\"keywords\":[\"buying in singapore\",\"buying property\",\"elderly\",\"property news\",\"property prices\",\"Singapore population\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Financial News\",\"Home & Living\",\"Property News\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2015\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/\",\"name\":\"Singapore property prices could drop by 30%\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/20150912-Singapore-property-prices-could-fall-30-percent-due-to-aging-population-IMG1.jpeg\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-09-11T22:29:28+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-06-30T19:33:29+00:00\",\"description\":\"As Singaporean population ages, property prices here may see a 30 per cent drop by 2040, a study predicts.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/20150912-Singapore-property-prices-could-fall-30-percent-due-to-aging-population-IMG1.jpeg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/20150912-Singapore-property-prices-could-fall-30-percent-due-to-aging-population-IMG1.jpeg\",\"width\":950,\"height\":633},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Financial News\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/financial-news\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Singapore property prices could drop by 30%\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/\",\"name\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/#organization\",\"name\":\"99.co\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/nnco_logo.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/nnco_logo.webp\",\"width\":192,\"height\":72,\"caption\":\"99.co\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/99dotco\/\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/99dotco\",\"http:\/\/instagram.com\/99.co\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/3625176\",\"http:\/\/pinterest.com\/99dotco\/\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCTFNrxXF9L1XZUlZNq07VKA\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/#\/schema\/person\/0058658f1a1cdadf5f7d957b386c348b\",\"name\":\"99.co\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2f6649f4d3298536e8085a4a4d924b6ec5ceff99798f55c6641e187bfb7e4bb1?s=96&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2f6649f4d3298536e8085a4a4d924b6ec5ceff99798f55c6641e187bfb7e4bb1?s=96&r=g\",\"caption\":\"99.co\"},\"description\":\"We are a property search engine with the overarching goal of building a more transparent and efficient property market. We are working towards that future by empowering people with the tools and information needed to find a place to live in the best way possible.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/author\/99-co\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Singapore property prices could drop by 30%","description":"As Singaporean population ages, property prices here may see a 30 per cent drop by 2040, a study predicts.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Singapore property prices could drop by 30%","og_description":"As Singaporean population ages, property prices here may see a 30 per cent drop by 2040, a study predicts.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/99dotco\/","article_published_time":"2015-09-11T22:29:28+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-06-30T19:33:29+00:00","og_image":[{"width":950,"height":633,"url":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/20150912-Singapore-property-prices-could-fall-30-percent-due-to-aging-population-IMG1.jpeg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"99.co","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@99dotco","twitter_site":"@99dotco","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"99.co","Est. reading time":"1 minute"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/"},"author":{"name":"99.co","@id":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/#\/schema\/person\/0058658f1a1cdadf5f7d957b386c348b"},"headline":"Singapore property prices could drop by 30%","datePublished":"2015-09-11T22:29:28+00:00","dateModified":"2022-06-30T19:33:29+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/"},"wordCount":228,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/20150912-Singapore-property-prices-could-fall-30-percent-due-to-aging-population-IMG1.jpeg","keywords":["buying in singapore","buying property","elderly","property news","property prices","Singapore population"],"articleSection":["Financial News","Home & Living","Property News"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/#respond"]}],"copyrightYear":"2015","copyrightHolder":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/#organization"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/","url":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/","name":"Singapore property prices could drop by 30%","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/20150912-Singapore-property-prices-could-fall-30-percent-due-to-aging-population-IMG1.jpeg","datePublished":"2015-09-11T22:29:28+00:00","dateModified":"2022-06-30T19:33:29+00:00","description":"As Singaporean population ages, property prices here may see a 30 per cent drop by 2040, a study predicts.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/20150912-Singapore-property-prices-could-fall-30-percent-due-to-aging-population-IMG1.jpeg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/20150912-Singapore-property-prices-could-fall-30-percent-due-to-aging-population-IMG1.jpeg","width":950,"height":633},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/singapore-property-prices-could-drop-by-30\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Financial News","item":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/financial-news\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Singapore property prices could drop by 30%"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/","name":"","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/#organization","name":"99.co","url":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/nnco_logo.webp","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/nnco_logo.webp","width":192,"height":72,"caption":"99.co"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/99dotco\/","https:\/\/x.com\/99dotco","http:\/\/instagram.com\/99.co","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/3625176","http:\/\/pinterest.com\/99dotco\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCTFNrxXF9L1XZUlZNq07VKA"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/#\/schema\/person\/0058658f1a1cdadf5f7d957b386c348b","name":"99.co","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2f6649f4d3298536e8085a4a4d924b6ec5ceff99798f55c6641e187bfb7e4bb1?s=96&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2f6649f4d3298536e8085a4a4d924b6ec5ceff99798f55c6641e187bfb7e4bb1?s=96&r=g","caption":"99.co"},"description":"We are a property search engine with the overarching goal of building a more transparent and efficient property market. We are working towards that future by empowering people with the tools and information needed to find a place to live in the best way possible.","url":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/author\/99-co\/"}]}},"modified_by":"terence yeo","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1947","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1947"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1947\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/53955"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1947"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1947"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1947"},{"taxonomy":"persona","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.99.co\/singapore\/insider\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/persona?post=1947"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}